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Considering the above-mentioned assumptions, the equations governing the flow inside the plasma torch are modeled for a 2D axisymmetric stationary model. In MUMPS, the solution of large linear systems is obtained with symmetric positive definite matrices, general symmetric matrices, and general unsymmetrical matrices.

where q w is the water mass flow rate, C w is the heat capacity of water, and ∆ T is the increase in the cooling water temperature under plasma operation defined using the inlet and outlet water temperatures.The emission of electrons occurs due to the current dependency on local cathode temperature and voltage drop, and it is required to obtain discharge at low voltages. CHAPTER 2 - General Chemistry, Sampling, Analytical Methods, and Speciation**Partly based on Chapter 2: General chemistry of metals by V. The second case is performed by changing the inlet properties by means of the velocity of the working gas and power for different gases.

The experimental measurements were performed at a location 2 mm above the torch outlet using a nitrogen (7 l/min)–air (53 l/min) mixture. From the case study, it was observed that a PARDISO solver with a fully coupled approach has less solution time and better convergence than the other solvers, so it was used for all further analysis. The single fluid modeling approach was chosen in this work because of its simplicity in modeling and to reduce the computational time. The experimental temperature profiles obtained using the two-line and N/N 2 ratio methods show a rather good agreement.To model the flow at the plasma sheath region, extra equations are to be included to capture the fast transition in the region. It was found that in general, the computational temperature obtained is supported by the experimental and equilibrium data. Compared with the wide arc-anode attachment zone of model (b), model (a) exhibits a more constricted anode arc root with higher current density, which leads to a higher heat flux and temperature on the anode.