A History of the English-Speaking Peoples

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The English question Handle with care". The Economist. 1 November 2007. Archived from the original on 28 September 2008. Catherine Hills, "The Anglo-Saxon Migration: An Archaeological Case Study of Disruption," in Migrations and Disruptions, ed. Brenda J. Baker and Takeyuki Tsuda, pp. 45–48 Ethnic Origin". 2001 Census. Statistics Canada. 4 November 2002. Archived from the original on 13 December 2017 . Retrieved 8 January 2009. Despite this, after the early 1850s, the English-born slowly fell from being a majority of the colonial population. In the 1851 census, 50.5% of the total population were born in England, this proportion fell to 36.5% (1861) and 24.3% by 1881. [143] New Zealand's foundational culture was English, given the strong representation in the mid and late-nineteenth century with the English being the largest in migration inflows. [144]

Liberation of Ireland". Iol.ie. Archived from the original on 15 June 2006 . Retrieved 23 June 2006. Research and Statistics". Church of England. Archived from the original on 8 May 2012 . Retrieved 9 May 2012. . The exact nature of the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons and their relationship with the Romano-British is a matter of debate. The traditional view is that a mass invasion by various Anglo-Saxon tribes largely displaced the indigenous British population in southern and eastern Great Britain (modern-day England with the exception of Cornwall). This is supported by the writings of Gildas, who gives the only contemporary historical account of the period, and describes the slaughter and starvation of native Britons by invading tribes ( aduentus Saxonum). [55] Furthermore, the English language contains no more than a handful of words borrowed from Brittonic sources. [56]

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The influence of later invasions and migrations on the English population has been debated, as studies that sampled only modern DNA have produced uncertain results and have thus been subject to a large variety of interpretations. [46] [47] [48] More recently, however, ancient DNA has been used to provide a clearer picture of the genetic effects of these movements of people.

The following chart shows the primary developments of English vowels in the last 600 years, in more detail, since Late Middle English of Chaucer's time. The Great Vowel Shift can be seen in the dramatic developments from c. 1400 to 1600. Main article: English Americans George Washington, known as the "Father of His Country", and first President of the United States, had English ancestors. [125] The work focuses primarily on military and political history and pays far less attention to the minutia of social development, which is perhaps an inevitable consequence of the substantial time period it covers. The vowel changes over time can be seen in the following example words, showing the changes in their form over the last 2,000 years:Note that the ye/you distinction still existed, at least optionally, in Early Modern English: "Ye shall know the truth and the truth shall make you free" from the King James Bible. Jones, Richard Wyn; Lodge, Guy; Jeffery, Charlie; Gottfried, Glenn; Scully, Roger; Henderson, Ailsa; Wincott, Daniel (July 2013). England and its Two Unions: The Anatomy of a Nation and its Discontents (PDF). Institute for Public Policy Research. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 November 2014 . Retrieved 7 November 2014. Birthplace (detailed) For the census usually resident population count 2001, 2006, and 2013 Censuses Table 11" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 February 2020 . Retrieved 27 March 2020.

Due to the expansion of English into a world language during the British Empire, literature is now written in English across the world. [ citation needed] The second volume details Britain's relationship to the cultural Renaissance and the religious Reformation that gripped Europe in the sixteenth century. He proceeds to describe the English Civil War in the seventeenth century and Britain's brief experiment with Republicanism. He then details the efforts of King James II to restore Catholicism to Britain and his subsequent defeat at the Battle of the Boyne by the Protestant William of Orange, in 1688. The first authoritative and full-featured English dictionary, the Dictionary of the English Language, was published by Samuel Johnson in 1755. To a high degree, the dictionary standardized both English spelling and word usage. Meanwhile, grammar texts by Lowth, Murray, Priestly, and others attempted to prescribe standard usage even further. Schiffels, Stephan; Haak, Wolfgang; Paajanen, Pirita; Llamas, Bastien; Popescu, Elizabeth; Loe, Louise; Clarke, Rachel; Lyons, Alice; Mortimer, Richard; Sayer, Duncan; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Cooper, Alan; Durbin, Richard (19 January 2016). "Iron Age and Anglo-Saxon genomes from East England reveal British migration history". Nature Communications. 7: 10408. Bibcode: 2016NatCo...710408S. doi: 10.1038/ncomms10408. PMC 4735688. PMID 26783965. Margaryan, A., Lawson, D.J., Sikora, M. et al. "Population genomics of the Viking world". Nature 585, 390–396 (2020) See Supplementary Note 11 in particular

About the contributors

Curry, Andrew (August 2019). "The first Europeans weren't who you might think". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 19 March 2021. Old English was first written using a runic script called the futhorc, but this was replaced by a version of the Latin alphabet introduced by Irish missionaries in the 8th century. Most literary output was in either the Early West Saxon of Alfred the Great's time, or the Late West Saxon (regarded as the "classical" form of Old English) of the Winchester school inspired by Bishop Æthelwold of Winchester and followed by such writers as the prolific Ælfric of Eynsham ("the Grammarian"). The most famous surviving work from the Old English period is the epic poem Beowulf, composed by an unknown poet. Coates, Richard. "Celtic whispers: revisiting the problems of the relation between Brittonic and Old English". Archived from the original on 8 March 2021 . Retrieved 7 June 2020. Statistics, c=AU; o=Commonwealth of Australia; ou=Australian Bureau of (3 June 2003). "Chapter – Population characteristics: Ancestry of Australia's population". Abs.gov.au. Archived from the original on 3 September 2017 . Retrieved 21 August 2017. {{ cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link)