Image Politics: The New Rhetoric of Environmental Activism

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of candidates who either reached at least 1 percent of the votes in any of the 106 single-member districts or were named in any of the first thirty places of a party list that received at least 0. The use of the “Hungarian flag” or its colors may aim to arouse national sentiments, but in itself, this element cannot be connected to the formal or informal dimensions. It will also appeal to others interested in ecology, radical environmental politics, and activism, and is an excellent supplemental text in advanced undergraduate and graduate level courses in these areas. g., Goffman [1956] 1959), studies on social media increasingly argue that the architectures ( Bossetta 2018), norms ( boyd 2014), and affordances of platforms ( Bucher and Helmond 2018) can shape the way communication is conducted on them. In our conceptualization, this is one of the two indicators of personalization: If politicians distribute their own self-made visuals on their own personal pages to their own followers, the visual communication is regarded as highly personal.

On Facebook, creating a connection between ordinary users requires reciprocity by default, while on Instagram one-sided following is the way to connect with someone. But the ease with which images can be adjusted and skewed for a specific political purpose, like slowing down a video to make a politician appear drunk, makes the persuasive power of visual evidence highly dangerous.As all these studies focus on single platforms, we have no knowledge regarding cross-platform differences and similarities in personalized visual communication. For these reasons, on Instagram, politicians are under stronger pressure to exhibit their personal life and background rather than their political work. Beyond the patterns of personalized communication, our results show several interesting characteristics of visual communication in general. Cultural and political references help understand the cultural and political object of messages: Through “popular-cultural” references, politicians can show their human face and create a more informal and ordinary atmosphere. It is a hard-hitting, enjoyable, groundbreaking book, challenging the traditional ways in which politics in the Middle East is conceived of and analysed.

The question is whether citizens are more manipulated as the visual vocabularies of election candidates further emotionalize political communication. Furthermore, on Facebook, users like more politics-related candidate-centered images, but on Instagram we could not find similar effects for more informal visuals.The book is full of interesting and useful information--for instance Abbie Hoffman's realization in the 60s of the power of the televised image and the later 'yippie' connection to Earth First! But despite campaigns attempting to tap into the political currency of pictures, different content forms elicit different emotional responses. Both platforms enable users to connect to each other, to post visual and textual content, and to see their connections’ posts on a news feed. The science department is consulting on its AI white paper, which was published earlier this year and advocates general principles to govern technology development, rather than specific curbs or bans on certain products. Interestingly, images that were posted on both platforms are closer to a typical Instagram than Facebook post.

President Donald Trump constantly uses images on social media to create an impression of a certain kind of success, power, and leadership. She flagged efforts to regulate the use of AI in politics by the US congresswoman Yvette Clarke, who is proposing a law change that would require political adverts to tell voters if they contain AI-generated material. The dissemination logic of Facebook is virality, as user engagement with posts is able to extend their visibility beyond direct followers ( Bene 2017). Second, while existing studies in the field focus on single platforms, we adopt a cross-platform approach as the architectures, affordances, and norms of specific sites significantly shape communication strategies (see Bossetta 2018). When it comes to the type of personalization employed by candidates, the results show further differences between the two platforms.Visuals have important added value to politicians’ Facebook posts with their more personal and emotional features, and the presence of personalization is higher in the case of politicians’ Facebook posts that contain visuals than those without visuals ( Metz et al. By using the Web site, you confirm that you have read, understood, and agreed to be bound by the Terms and Conditions. Images of migrants have been used to promote anti-immigration stances; images of homeless veterans are used to counter government policies to house refugees; images of stranded polar bears are used to promote environmental policies. Hand (2012) argues that we live in the age of “ubiquitous photography,” which is also underlined by statistics: Each day people upload 300 million photos to Facebook, and 95 million photos to Instagram ( Stout 2019).