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Nakano, Y.; Tsusaka, T.W.; Aida, T.; Pede, V.O. The Impact of Training on Technology Adoption and Productivity of Rice Farming in Tanzania: Is Farmer-to-Farmer Extension Effective? An Empirical Analysis of Expanding Rice Production in Sub-Sahara Africa; JICA-RI Working Paper No. 90; JICA Research Institute: Tokyo, Japan, 2015. [ Google Scholar] Blench, Roger (2016). "Things your classics master never told you: a borrowing from Trans New Guinea languages into Latin". Academia.edu. Academia, Inc.
Englberger, Lois (2003). "Carotenoid-rich bananas in Micronesia" (PDF). InfoMusa. 12 (2): 2–5. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 9, 2016 . Retrieved January 22, 2013. A serious threat to the industry continues to be Fusarium Tropical Race 4 (TR4), a fungal disease affecting banana plants, which is currently confirmed in 21 banana-producing countries. In all reported cases, once a piece of farmland has been contaminated with TR4, managing the disease has been challenging and costly. In a series of papers published from 1947 onwards, Ernest Cheesman showed that Linnaeus's Musa sapientum and Musa paradisiaca were cultivars and descendants of two wild seed-producing species, Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana, both first described by Luigi Aloysius Colla. [41] Cheesman recommended the abolition of Linnaeus's species in favor of reclassifying bananas according to three morphologically distinct groups of cultivars – those primarily exhibiting the botanical characteristics of Musa balbisiana, those primarily exhibiting the botanical characteristics of Musa acuminata, and those with characteristics of both. [40] Researchers Norman Simmonds and Ken Shepherd proposed a genome-based nomenclature system in 1955. This system eliminated almost all the difficulties and inconsistencies of the earlier classification of bananas based on assigning scientific names to cultivated varieties. Despite this, the original names are still recognized by some authorities, leading to confusion. [41] [42] During the ripening process, bananas produce the gas ethylene, which acts as a plant hormone and indirectly affects the flavor. Among other things, ethylene stimulates the formation of amylase, an enzyme that breaks down starch into sugar, influencing the taste of bananas. The greener, less ripe bananas contain higher levels of starch and, consequently, have a "starchier" taste. On the other hand, yellow bananas taste sweeter due to higher sugar concentrations. Furthermore, ethylene signals the production of pectinase, an enzyme which breaks down the pectin between the cells of the banana, causing the banana to soften as it ripens. [133] [134] a b Watson, Andrew (1983). Agricultural innovation in the early Islamic world. New York: Cambridge University Press. p.54. ISBN 978-0-521-24711-5.
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Potassium in bananas can help restore normal bowel functions after diarrhea by regulating fluids and restoring elect Huber, M.; Lechner, M.; Wunsch, C. How to Control for Many Covariates? Reliable Estimators Based on the Propensity Score; IZA Discussion Paper No. 5268; IZA Institute of Labor Economics: Bonn, Germany, 2010; pp. 1–62. [ Google Scholar] In India, bananas serve a prominent part in many festivals and occasions of Hindus. In South Indian weddings, particularly Tamil weddings, banana trees are tied in pairs to form an arch as a blessing to the couple for a long-lasting, useful life. [156] [157]
Banana fiber harvested from the pseudostems and leaves of the plant has been used for textiles in Asia since at least the 13th century. Both fruit-bearing and fibrous varieties of the banana plant have been used. [145] In the Japanese system Kijōka-bashōfu, leaves and shoots are cut from the plant periodically to ensure softness. Harvested shoots are first boiled in lye to prepare fibers for yarn-making. These banana shoots produce fibers of varying degrees of softness, yielding yarns and textiles with differing qualities for specific uses. For example, the outermost fibers of the shoots are the coarsest, and are suitable for tablecloths, while the softest innermost fibers are desirable for kimono and kamishimo. This traditional Japanese cloth-making process requires many steps, all performed by hand. [146] Kirschner, Chanie (January 21, 2016). "4 ways to use green bananas that won't ripen". Mother Nature Network. Archived from the original on April 28, 2017 . Retrieved April 30, 2017.
Castro, Renata S. D.; Caetano, LaéRcio; Ferreira, Guilherme; Padilha, Pedro M.; Saeki, Margarida J.; Zara, Luiz F.; Martines, Marco Antonio U. & Castro, Gustavo R. (2011). "Banana Peel Applied to the Solid Phase Extraction of Copper and Lead from River Water: Preconcentration of Metal Ions with a Fruit Waste". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 50 (6): 3446–3451. doi: 10.1021/ie101499e. Archived from the original on December 22, 2019 . Retrieved September 3, 2019. Cattaneo, M.D.; Drukker, D.M.; Holland, A.D. Estimation of multivalued treatment effects under conditional independence. Stata J. 2013, 13, 407–450. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] These nutrients enhance recovery, restore glycogen stores, and support muscle growth . ( 5) Fight Inflammation